Python Math API Reference

`Built-in Math Functions`

11 methods

Built-in numeric functions available without import.

abs(x)

Return the absolute value of x.

Parameters

Name	Type	Description
x	int \| float \| complex	Number.

Returns

int | float

Example

python

abs(-5)      # 5
abs(-3.14)   # 3.14
abs(3 + 4j)  # 5.0

round(number[, ndigits])

Round number to ndigits precision (default 0). Uses banker's rounding.

Parameters

Name	Type	Description
number	float	Number to round.
ndigits	int	Decimal places (default 0).

Returns

int | float

Example

python

round(3.14159, 2)  # 3.14
round(2.5)         # 2 (banker's rounding)
round(3.5)         # 4

min(iterable, *[, key, default])

Return the smallest item in an iterable or among arguments.

Parameters

Name	Type	Description
iterable	Iterable	Iterable of items.
key	Callable \| None	Function extracting comparison key.
default	Any	Returned if iterable is empty.

Returns

Any

Example

python

min([3, 1, 2])              # 1
min(3, 1, 2)                 # 1
min(['bb', 'a'], key=len)    # 'a'

max(iterable, *[, key, default])

Return the largest item in an iterable or among arguments.

Parameters

Name	Type	Description
iterable	Iterable	Iterable of items.
key	Callable \| None	Function extracting comparison key.
default	Any	Returned if iterable is empty.

Returns

Any

Example

python

max([3, 1, 2])              # 3
max('hello')                # 'o'
max(['bb', 'aaa'], key=len) # 'aaa'

sum(iterable[, start])

Sum items of iterable, starting from start (default 0).

Parameters

Name	Type	Description
iterable	Iterable[number]	Iterable of numbers.
start	number	Initial value.

Returns

number

Example

python

sum([1, 2, 3])        # 6
sum([1, 2, 3], 10)    # 16
sum([[1], [2]], [])   # [1, 2]

pow(base, exp[, mod])

Return base**exp. If mod is given, return base**exp % mod (efficient modular exponentiation).

Parameters

Name	Type	Description
base	number	Base.
exp	number	Exponent.
mod	int	Modulus.

Returns

number

Example

python

pow(2, 10)        # 1024
pow(2, 10, 1000)  # 24  (== 1024 % 1000)

divmod(a, b)

Return (a // b, a % b) as a tuple.

Parameters

Name	Type	Description
a	number	Dividend.
b	number	Divisor.

Returns

tuple[number, number]

Example

python

divmod(7, 3)   # (2, 1)
divmod(10, 2)  # (5, 0)

chr(i)

Return the string representing a character whose Unicode code point is i.

Parameters

Name	Type	Description
i	int	Unicode code point (0..0x10FFFF).

Returns

str

Example

python

chr(65)   # 'A'
chr(97)   # 'a'
chr(8364) # '€'

ord(c)

Return the Unicode code point of a single character.

Parameters

Name	Type	Description
c	str	Single character.

Returns

int

Example

python

ord('A')  # 65
ord('a')  # 97
ord('€')  # 8364

hex(x)

Return the hexadecimal string representation of an integer, prefixed with '0x'.

Parameters

Name	Type	Description
x	int	Integer to convert.

Returns

str

Example

python

hex(255)   # '0xff'
hex(16)    # '0x10'
hex(-10)   # '-0xa'

bin(x)

Return the binary string representation of an integer, prefixed with '0b'.

Parameters

Name	Type	Description
x	int	Integer to convert.

Returns

str

Example

python

bin(10)   # '0b1010'
bin(255)  # '0b11111111'
bin(-5)   # '-0b101'

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